Thursday, January 30, 2020
Jose de San Martin Essay Example for Free
Jose de San Martin Essay In Argentina war of independence was fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine forces under Jose de San Martin against royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown. On July 9, 1816, an assembly met in San Miguel de Tucuman, declared full independence with provisions for a national constitution. Chile This war of independence was an armed conflict between the people of Chile and Spanish colonial authorities, which started on September 10, 1810 and extended until 1821. A declaration of independence was officially issued by Chile on February 12,1818 and formally recognized by Spain in 1840, when full diplomatic relations ( conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or states) were established. Peru The Napoleonic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula should have led to a degradation of royal power, but since nearby Upper Peru was under the attack of armies from Buenos Aires, the Peruvian oligarchs supported the royalist cause. Fear of indigenous rebellion also remained from the 1780-1781 revolt that was headed by Jose Gabriel Tupac Amaru Condorcanqui. Finally, the viceroys of Peru traditionally had the support of the Lima oligarchs because of their opposition to the commercial interests of Buenos Aires and Chile. Therefore, the Viceroyalty of Peru became the last redoubt of the Spanish Monarchy in South America. Nevertheless, a Creole rebellion arose in 1812 in Huanuco and another in Cusco between 1814 and 1816. Both were suppressed. These rebellions were supported by the armies of Buenos Aires. Peru finally succumbed after the decisive continental campaigns of Jose de San Martin (1820–1823) and Simon Bolivar (1824). While San Martin was in charge of the land campaign, a newly built Chilean Navy led by Lord Cochrane transported the fighting troops and launched a sea campaign against the Spanish fleet in the Pacific. San Martin, who had displaced the royalists of Chile after the Battle of Maipu, and who had disembarked in Paracas in 1820, proclaimed the independence of Peru in Lima on July 28, 1821. Four years later, the Spanish Monarchy was defeated definitively at the Battle of Ayacucho. After independence, the conflicts of interests that faced different sectors of Creole Peruvian society and the particular ambitions of the caudillos, made the organization of the country excessively difficult. Only three civiliansâ€â€Manuel Pardo, Nicolas de Pierola and Francisco Garcia Calderonâ€â€acceded to the presidency in the first seventy-five years of Perus independence. The Republic of Bolivia was created from Upper Peru. In 1837 a Peru-Bolivian Confederation was also created but was dissolved two years later due to Chilean military intervention
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
Capital Punishment Essay example -- essays research papers fc
                                                  Megan Michaux Capital Punishment               As part of a democracy, Americans accept the rights of the county, state and individual. Social order can only exist when people give up the responsibilities of law enforcement to the government. All fifty states have the right to choose whether or not to utilize capital punishment. It is legal in thirty-seven of those states. (www) I believe capital punishment does not violate the Eighth Amendment because it serves as both a deterrent and retributive purpose. Moral justice can be served through the execution of the convicted and there are humane ways in which the government can execute. When the Constitution was drafted, capital punishment was practiced widely in this country, yet it was not specified as wrong or as cruel and unusual. Many of the framers and philosophers of the Constitution supported capital punishment. ( Locke) Citizens under a social contract agree not to kill only because others also agree not to kill. When that bond of trust is broken, the law must take action to maintain balance within the economy. I think that it is the function of laws to prevent murder by demonstrating to everyone that it is not in their best interest to take another person’s life. Capital punishment is the harshest form of punishment enforced in the United States today. Once a jury has convicted a criminal, they agree on a punishment. If the jury recommends capital punishment and the judge agrees, the criminal will then face some form of execution, a punishment that once performed cannot be reversed. Each year there are about 250 people added to Death Row and 35 executed. (www) However, I believe the fear of death discourages people from committing crimes and there must be fear and intimidation. to achieve model citizens and a better society Perhaps one of the biggest objections to capital punishment is the immorality of consenting to kill another human being. Opponents believe that capital punishment is the permissible ... ...is impossible to know who may have been prevented from a committing a crime. Capital punishment is a method of retribution it is as old as civilization itself. Biblical times tell of the execution of great heroes such as Jesus and Joan of Arch, whom were killed for moral differences and religious beliefs. Executions today are used in only extreme cases where the individual is harmful to them self and society. Unfit society members such as Timothy McVay, who was responsible for the Oklahoma City bombing, should allowed back onto the streets, nor should we use the taxpayers’ dollar to sentence them to life imprisonment. The proper justice for such offenders is clearly capital punishment. Capital punishment brings justice to the victims’ families and to the members of society whom were affected by the criminals actions in a humane yet permanent way. For these reasons of justice and societal order capital punishment does not violate the Eighth Amendment. WORKS CITED Block, Eugene B.. When Men Play God: The Fallacy of Capital Punishment. San Francisco: Cragmont Publications, 1983. Locke, John. Second Treatise of Civil Government. Ch 2, Sec 6 www.britannica.com Capital Punishment Essay example -- essays research papers fc                                                   Megan Michaux Capital Punishment               As part of a democracy, Americans accept the rights of the county, state and individual. Social order can only exist when people give up the responsibilities of law enforcement to the government. All fifty states have the right to choose whether or not to utilize capital punishment. It is legal in thirty-seven of those states. (www) I believe capital punishment does not violate the Eighth Amendment because it serves as both a deterrent and retributive purpose. Moral justice can be served through the execution of the convicted and there are humane ways in which the government can execute. When the Constitution was drafted, capital punishment was practiced widely in this country, yet it was not specified as wrong or as cruel and unusual. Many of the framers and philosophers of the Constitution supported capital punishment. ( Locke) Citizens under a social contract agree not to kill only because others also agree not to kill. When that bond of trust is broken, the law must take action to maintain balance within the economy. I think that it is the function of laws to prevent murder by demonstrating to everyone that it is not in their best interest to take another person’s life. Capital punishment is the harshest form of punishment enforced in the United States today. Once a jury has convicted a criminal, they agree on a punishment. If the jury recommends capital punishment and the judge agrees, the criminal will then face some form of execution, a punishment that once performed cannot be reversed. Each year there are about 250 people added to Death Row and 35 executed. (www) However, I believe the fear of death discourages people from committing crimes and there must be fear and intimidation. to achieve model citizens and a better society Perhaps one of the biggest objections to capital punishment is the immorality of consenting to kill another human being. Opponents believe that capital punishment is the permissible ... ...is impossible to know who may have been prevented from a committing a crime. Capital punishment is a method of retribution it is as old as civilization itself. Biblical times tell of the execution of great heroes such as Jesus and Joan of Arch, whom were killed for moral differences and religious beliefs. Executions today are used in only extreme cases where the individual is harmful to them self and society. Unfit society members such as Timothy McVay, who was responsible for the Oklahoma City bombing, should allowed back onto the streets, nor should we use the taxpayers’ dollar to sentence them to life imprisonment. The proper justice for such offenders is clearly capital punishment. Capital punishment brings justice to the victims’ families and to the members of society whom were affected by the criminals actions in a humane yet permanent way. For these reasons of justice and societal order capital punishment does not violate the Eighth Amendment. WORKS CITED Block, Eugene B.. When Men Play God: The Fallacy of Capital Punishment. San Francisco: Cragmont Publications, 1983. Locke, John. Second Treatise of Civil Government. Ch 2, Sec 6 www.britannica.com
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
Humor and the lower class in Shakespeare Essay
From the jigging veins springs the flow and creates a hilarious touch in the rhythm of souls- This is incredulous the power of no body else except Shakespeare. Shakespeare was a truly amazing 17th Century literary dude, creating the whole new gamut of human experience and emotions of both high and low, royal and sundry, bringing their lives in the fold of his words through his tragedy, romantic, history and comedy plays. Shakespeare is an appropriate symbol of human life which brings tears and smiles, sighs and shouts of joys. So beyond bringing the tears and pondering over the history, he reaches the heart of man with his comedy plays. Comedy of Shakespeare moves in a world of its own away from satire or moral reforms. The comedy appears in the Renaissance period in its new form breaking from its conventional mode. Since sixteenth century this term was in use but to incorporate numerous types among whom many resembled the Greek and Latin comedies. The renaissance though saw the slight change in the trend of the comic strip but the spirit remained the same. Before it, comedy was performed in the form of farce and clown-age by roaming entertainers and captured the morality completely due to its popularity. The comedy espouses the influence of not only with the plays of Plautus and Terence, but also showed the signs of Latin forms, the biblical Terentian plays, and the story with the theme of the Prodigal Son. The result was quite visible as there on the stages were seen the entire new style of dramatization of story and scenic entertainments which were full of fun and frolic. Shakespeare also used what has become the tradition in the British Society, to laugh at a character’s lack of intellect. Shakespeare uses fools who were considered to be lacking in intelligence but are actually wiser, and clowns. These clowns were generally innocent characters, ignorant, sometimes dull witted and created a situation that is almost out his scope and thus keeps the comic actions going. By using the fools he sprinkled his plays with Jokes meant for the common man touching the audience’s intellectual level. The best example of the use of the fools is Falstaff in I Henry IV. Falstaff is an embodiment of the vice of vanity, dishonest, proud and pretentious but on the other hand coward also, thus providing an entertainment value. The brothers Dromio in the Comedy of Errors is also fine example of the fools. Comedy of Error is Shakespeare’s earliest and classically inspired comedy particularly using the Plautus’s farcical play Menaechmi ( Twins). He created the comic scenes with the common people who found themselves engulfed in a farce of mistaken identities, due to the two pairs of twins who were separated because of the storm in the sea. Some of the humor in Comedy of error is derived from the puns and wordplay, but the large part of it comes from slapstick and mistaken identity, and it’s distinct in the sense that it observes classical unities. This complete play is entertainment, but under the layers of the fun also lays the deeper themes, which includes the feeling of self identity versus reality, the essence of time, coincidence and love. Because of the confusion, both the Syracusan and Ephesan twins sometimes think they have gone insane which shows the Shakespeare’s keen interest in showing the characters tortuous soul. The play also highlights the fact that even the lightest farce can create emotional resonance. This play was first published in the first Folio in 1623 and is considered as Shakespeare shortest play. The comedy ends when both sets of twins were reunited. Shakespeare made his play more complex than Plautus by adding second set of twins. The other plays that can be considered nearer to the Comedy of errors in the model are the two gentleman of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew and A Love’s Labor’s lost. The 1590’s era saw changes in trend in the plays Mid Summers Night Dreams and the Merchant of Venice. These plays were different in tone coming under the category of Middle Comedies and are the proof of the Shakespeare’s genius to experiment with the plays. Mid Summers Night Dreams beautifully presents the bumbling and unconsciously comic townspeople, creating yet another chapter of bringing the common frivolities, vices, situations and circumstances that these townspeople creates for themselves and thus is emerged the amusing scenes. But these plays not only arouse the comic relief but also create the sympathetic feelings. We can also see what is known as the Mature Comedies in this the most popular The romantic plays Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, The Merry Wives of Windsor, and Twelfth Night. All these plays are considered as joyous comedies with characters always smiling and are sympathetic. Written around 1599 and 1600, these plays were at the peak of the Shakespeare’s career in the field of high comedy with generally having beautiful, intelligent, and strong-minded heroines, as the central characters. These plays were in sharp contrast to the satire, and reflect Shakespeare’s not only the mastery of his art but also congenial temperament that he shows towards his characters. Soon after mature comedies, Shakespeare produced problem comedies in his three playsâ€â€All’s Well That Ends Well, Troilus and Cressida, and Measure for Measure. The problem comedies deals with the complex and unpleasant themes and its characters have certain amount of moral flaws which are more severe and difficult to change than the characters in the farces or the joyous comedies. Light hearted humor is seen in these plays which are emotionally rich and dramatically exciting and stimulating to the readers. All’s Well That Ends Well, written around 1603 follows the conventional pattern of comedy, and as its title suggests the play ends with the reunion of a separated couple, but this reunion is deeply troubling. Hereby Troilus and Cressida are totally different in the sense that for many days it was unknown whether it was tragedy, history or comedy. The essence of Romanticism showers in the comedy of the Shakespeare’s plays, and the lives hovers over the back ground and atmosphere of Shakespeare. Shakespearean comedy is primarily the comedy of love. The atmosphere is full of the genial of love and friendship. In his comedy love is a means of human fulfillment, and far from raising the lovers thoughts about basic desires, the romantic inserts the feeling of passion. The romantic comedy has characters ranging from servants, drunkards, constables and clowns. The main characteristic feature of the Shakespeare comedy is the beautiful combination of realism and fancy. The characters are drawn from the world of men and women. They have to suffer like ordinary mortals experiencing adversity, separation and disappointments. The characters and scenes though are viewed through magic casements which transforms reality, the settings in his plays are generally imaginative- an unknown island, Thebes, Arden, Illyria, and Venice each are conceived in the sparkling light of a beautiful fancy, yet they are all real and sheer from our daily real lives. The contemporary figures and fashions as in Love’s Labor’s Lost; Bottom and his companions mingling with the fairies, this union of realism and fantasy is the cardinal characteristic feature of Shakespeare romantic world. The worldly wisdom and deep comprehension of life made his comedies more realistic. Under the humor and fun there lies the tone of didacticism with the complex moods and subtlety in the characters. His comedies are also marked by the optimism and are the pictures of life in sunnier aspects. Shakespeare began his journey of comedy where Lyly left, and he was able to find his way to create an intense mood of seriousness in the comedy. It is said that in comedy, Lyly is Shakespeare’s model and its influence is far more permanent than any other. Shakespeare imitates the grouping style of Lyly and consequently repeats the relation or situation in successive plays. It was from Lyly that Shakespeare learned unity and coherence of plot-construction, basically in the introduction of songs and fairies. (Looney, 1997-2002). And the fine example is â€Å"Love and Labor’s lost†. He was also influenced with Greene which led to the creation of The Two Gentlemen of Verona. But the most influence that is created on his works is from Plautus and Terence. Plautus devices used in the plots reads like ten-twenty-thirty thrillers of the nineteenth century: involving abandonment of infants, kidnapping, piracy, shipwreck, tokens of recognition, changes of identity, keyhole listenings and strange rescues. His world constitutes the characters ranging from scolding matrons, lying and thievish servants, money lenders, procurers and sycophants, all belong to the lower or middle strata of the society but in the end always the knaves are punished and its titles reflects the plot like The Play of the Hidden Pot of Gold, The Haunted House, How the Sham Steward Got Paid for His Asses, and The Play of the Caskets. The same is true with Comedy of Error which is derived from the Plautus’s farcical play Menaechmi (Twins). In this play Plautus uses laughter to dwell and come out with the human foibles including the mistaken identity. As in Comedy of Errors in Plautus play, only one servant appears and he is traveling with a twin who stays outside their native country. The citizen twin has a shrewd wife, a father-in-law and a mistress named Erotium, and thus all these involves trickery, sex intrigue with the husband’s blatant infidelity. And this mistaken identity are wrangled a jeweler, a merchant, parasite, a physician and the courtesan. Thus the story and plot of the Shakespeare and Plautus are same but Shakespeare gives very little of farce. There are two distinct patterns in which Shakespeare comedy moves, one from society to wilderness and then back to the better society and the second pattern is from union to wandering and then back to union. (Flachman from midsummer magazine, 2001). The first model emerges in the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream. This play takes its characters from the urban lands to the green world of forest and then back to the original society whereby they have learned the true way of living from the freedom that they enjoyed in green world of the Forest. In the Midsummer Night Dreams all attained the good fortune only by staying one night in enchanted woods. As opposed to these plays, the other plays like in Twelfth Night, The Comedy of Errors, and All’s Well That Ends Well, specifically in the comedy of errors the characters first are united, separated and then united. In, many of the comedies the conclusion is the happy marriage. These patterns help us to read in depth the chapters of our lives and try to solve the problems faced by us in a much comic manner. The Midsummers Night Dreams is different then the Comedy of Errors in the sense that its the Bard’s original wedding play. According to many scholars it is a light entertainment to accompany a marriage celebration; and unlike Comedy of Errors Shakespeare does not rely on existing plays, narrative poetry, historical chronicles or any other source materials, making it an absolutely original piece. The main plot of the play involves the two set of couples The Hermia and Lysander, and Helena and Demetrius whose romantic endeavors are complicated due to their entry into the fairyland woods where the King and Queen of the Fairies Oberon and Titania rules and the Puck or Robin Goodfellow, who are the folk characters plies his trade. Thus there is also an element of fantasy in this play which is totally absent in the Comedy of Errors with an exception of twins. A Midsummer Night’s Dream contains lyrical expressions of love and dreams, and the creative imagination of both. These two patterns, are born from the plays, the Jorge de Montemayor’s Diana, which is a Spanish pastoral romance who in celebrating the love, moves from society to wilderness and then back to the reformed and much cherished society, and the second posters from the story of â€Å"Titus and Gisippus†in Sir Thomas Elyot’s The Governor, and its plot moves uniting the characters and then leave them to wander and again back reuniting them. Shakespeare was a versatile character and the growth his career lies in its model of versatility which is amply clear in all his plays whether it is tragic, history or comedy, versatility lies in all and he is always experimenting with the words so close to the human heart and that makes the Shakespeare unique. BIBILIOGRAPHY 1. Flachmann Michael, (2001), The two Comic plots of Verona, From Midsummer Magazine, Utah Shakespearean Festival Home Page, Retrieved on 19th March 2007 from W. W. W: http://www. bard. org/education/resources/shakespeare/twogentscomic. html 2. Looney J Thomas, Shakespeare Identified, Chapter XI, Edward De Vere  Middle Period: Dramatic Foreground, Retrieved on 19th March 2007 from W. W. W: http://www. shakespearefellowship. org/etexts/si/11-5. htm.
Monday, January 6, 2020
Essay on Mahatma Gandhi - 1383 Words
Gandhi perceives imperialism as a creation of Industrial development, which perpetuates greed, and the desire to increase profit at the expense of the body and society. Gandhi states. â€Å"Those who are intoxicated by modern civilization are not likely to write against it. Their care will be to find out facts and arguments in support of it, and this they do unconsciously†(Gandhi, chp 6). Gandhi’s presumes that civilization, like an incurable disease, and new-civilized creations are a limitation to the body and society. Thus, India’s helplessness is in conjunction with its British association. Moreover, a ‘disarmed India has no control of resistance of ‘western-civilization’ so then what is civilized justice? According to Gandhi, civil justice†¦show more content†¦Machinery is viewed as the destruction of Indian society, and conclusive to the obstruction of ancient civilization’s body and society. Industrial capitalism is subse rvient to Gandhi’s society, and Industrial capitalism perpetuates colonial imperialism. It is a chief representation of western civilization, as Gandhi sates, â€Å"Now thousands of workmen meet together and for the sake of maintenance work in factories or mines. Their condition is worse than that of beasts. They are obliged to work, for the sake of millionaires, but by reproducing Manchester in India, our moral being will be sapped, and I call in support of my statement the very mill-bands as witnesses†(Gandhi, chp 19). It is inherent, that Gandhi’s perception of society is one without industrial capitalism. He saw machinery and materialism as greater representations of manipulation. The British had, like any imperialist civilization, a perpetuating greed to control natural resources for profit. Ultimately, in Gandhi’s eyes the British wanted to have complete sovereignty over political bodies in their colonial parts. Village life was on the verge of distinction, thus Gandhi’s ideology gave light to India’s grim vision of being truly independent. Gandhi, as Metcalf sates, â€Å"believed in true independence, he envisioned it in Hind Swaraj (1909) it was not a simple matter of Indians replacing Britain’s in the seat of government. It involved a wholesaleShow MoreRelatedMahatma Gandhi : Gandhi ( Gandhi )1176 Words  | 5 PagesKaramchand Gandhi, also known as Gandhi Ji, Mahatma Gandhi and Bapu. He was a nationalist leader in India, known for establishing freedom in India from British through nonviolent movement. He professed the term’s passive resistan ce and civil disobedience insufficient for his work, however he devised a term called, Satyagraha (truth and firmness). He worked his whole life for peace and freedom in India, which I think, is something to be acknowledged by millions of people. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wasRead MoreGandhi : The World Of Mahatma Gandhi1320 Words  | 6 Pages 2016 Research Paper: Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi, better known to the world as Mahatma Gandhi is one of the world’s main faces when we think or talk of the Indian independence movements, women’s rights and all around freedom for humanity. This individual used strategies and tactics of his own to achieve justice for the Indian culture while he was alive. Gandhi also worked to reform traditional Indian society in India as he was a mahatma, a Hindu term in the Hindu religion meaningRead MoreMahatma Gandhi Essay986 Words  | 4 PagesMahatma Gandhi Mohandas Gandhi, known as Mahatma Gandhi. Also known as Mahatma the great soul, was the father of modern India. He originally came from Western India, a city called Porbandar. He was born on 2nd October 1869. Gandhi was on of the youngest of the three sons of Karamchand Gandhi, who was a Prime Minister successively in Porbandar, Rajkot and Vankaner States. Gandhis mother was Putlibai, Karamchand Gandhis fourth wife. In 1876 he attended a primaryRead MoreEssay On Mahatma Gandhi1859 Words  | 8 PagesGandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in the small western Indian state of Porbandar under the name Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Ghandi s Life) . When Gandhi was finished with high school, he entered a small Indian college, the Samaldas College at the University of Bombay (Mahatma). After beginning his education here, however, he decided he disliked and traveled to the University College London, leaving his wife and infant son (Ghandi s Life). It was while attending school in London that he initiallyRead MoreMahatma Gandhi As A Pragmatism1136 Words  | 5 PagesMahatma Gandhi (Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi) was born on 2nd October 1869 at Porbander Gujarat. 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The University was established on 2ndRead MoreEssay on Mahatma Gandhi1642 Words  | 7 PagesESSAY ON MAHATMA GANDHI Mahatma Gandhi was born in the Porbandar city of Gujarat in october 2nd, 1869. His father name is Karamchand Gandhi, the diwan of Porbandar, and his wife, Putlibai. Since his mother was a Hindu of the Pranami Vaishnava order, Gandhi learned the tenets of non-injury to living beings, vegetarianism, fasting, mutual tolerance, etc, at a very tender age. Mohandas was married at the age of 13 to Kasturba Makhanji and had four sons. He passed the matriculation exam at SamaldasRead MoreThe Assassination Of Mahatma Gandhi1912 Words  | 8 Pages Synthesis Essay- Mahatma Gandhi MSgt Tiffany J. Jones Air Force Senior Noncommissioned Officer Academy Mahatma Gandhi 504. 240. 2,555. 6. The number 504 represents the hours spent fasting in hunger strikes against racial injustice. The number 240 represents miles journeyed in protest against unjust taxes. 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